How to File Your Final Income Tax Return in Japan

Tax time has arrived, so "Game on!" for all self-employed and freelancers in Japan!

Remember you needed to leave a trail of breadcrumbs for every yen spent or earned?

'Cuz staying on top of your monthly bookkeeping, maintaining copies of every invoice and receipt, as well as other essential business records (yes, you need them, too!)—is the key to acing your Final Income Tax Return in Japan.

And if you're not organized, it can be a lengthy process which may eventually result in a whitewash as you won't be able to reduce your tax liability & bill due to poorly organized processes.

So, hopefully, with the information in this article, preparing your Final Income Tax Return in Japan won't be as much of a hassle as it's cracked up to be. 

Tax return in Japan (kakutei shinkoku): quick overview

In Japan, an individual income tax return is called kakutei shinkoku (確定申告). It is the annual procedure for reporting your income, expenses, and deductions to the National Tax Agency (NTA) for the period from January 1 to December 31 of the previous year.

You generally need to file a tax return in Japan if you:

• run a sole proprietorship or work as a freelancer in Japan;

• earn income that's not fully covered by your company’s year-end tax adjustment (年末調整, nenmatsu chōsei);

• have multiple sources of income, such as a side business, investment income or overseas income;

• work for a non-Japan-based employer; or

• want to claim a tax refund or apply deductions that were not handled by your employer.

The standard filing period is from February 16 to March 15 of the following year. When March 15 falls on a weekend or public holiday, the deadline automatically extends to the next business day.

Kakutei shinkoku, the Final Income Tax Return in Japan

Suppose you're a resident in Japan for tax purposes* and have registered your sole proprietorship or work as a freelancer in Japan. In that case, you are required to file a tax return the following year for the previous year's total income. (Note: Japanese company employees are not required to file a tax return, as their company files it for them.)

Usually, you would receive a set of documents from the Japanese National Tax Agency in early January unless you file online. This set of documents is for the Final Income Tax Return—a procedure that you enact to report the amount of income tax levied on total net business income earned between January 1st and December 31st of the previous year.

👉 You may also be interested in: Nozei Shomeisho: Your Guide to Japan's Tax Certificate

Filing types for final tax return in Japan

When registering your business with the tax office, you can select one of the two filing types for final income tax return in Japan: White Return (Shiro-iro shinkoku, 白色申告) and Blue Return (ao-iro shinkoku, 青色申告). However, we usually recommend opting for Blue Return filing systems as it offers greater benefits, including special deductions.

Those who opted for the White Return filing system when opening their business and wish to switch to Blue Return can theoretically do so by applying at the tax office. However, the criteria to satisfy are complex, so it's better to check with a professional if you're eligible for a switch.

So, what is the difference between White Return (Shiro-iro shinkoku, 白色申告) and Blue Return (Ao-iro shinkoku, 青色申告)?

The most significant difference between the 2 types is the set of documents you need to submit within the statutory tax return deadline. If you wish to enjoy the benefits of the Blue Return system, you should be ready to create a "Blue-Form Return Financial Statement."

In addition, you'll need to keep your bookkeeping updated on a daily (yes, daily!) basis, meaning you need to have at least basic accounting knowledge. Remember to log items such as entertainment expenses for business activities (交際費 = kosaihi) etc.

Perhaps, you could also take advantage of some bookkeeping apps—like MoneyForward or freee.jp—if you're comfortable with Japanese.

👉 Check out our GPT tax guide for expats in Japan.

Do employees in Japan need to file a tax return?

In Japan, most company employees do not normally need to file a Final Tax Return because their employer completes the Year-End Tax Adjustment (年末調整, nenmatsu chōsei) on their behalf.

However, there are several common situations in which employees and salary earners must still file a tax return by themselves.

You generally need to file a Final Tax Return in Japan even if you are a company employee if:

• you have income that was not included in your company’s year-end tax adjustment, such as side business income, freelance income, rental income, investment income, or overseas income;

• you work for a non-Japan-based employer and your salary is not processed through a Japanese payroll system;

• you changed jobs during the year and your final employer could not complete your year-end adjustment;

• you left Japan before the end of the year and your year-end adjustment was not completed;

• you have salary income from multiple employers and your tax situation was not fully adjusted by one employer; or

• you wish to claim deductions that are normally filed through a tax return, such as large medical expense deductions or the first-year housing loan (mortgage) deduction.

In these cases, filing a Final Tax Return allows you to correctly declare your total income, apply the relevant deductions and, where applicable, receive a tax refund.

Tax returns in Japan for foreign residents

For tax purposes, foreigners in Japan are classified as either residents or non-residents under Japanese tax law. Your classification directly affects whether you must file a Final Tax Return and what income must be reported.

In general:

• Residents for tax purposes are required to report their income to the Japanese tax authorities and, in principle, are subject to Japanese income tax on their income, including income earned both inside and outside Japan.

• Non-residents for tax purposes are taxed only on income sourced in Japan.

If you are a foreign resident who works in Japan, operates a business, receives income from overseas, or works remotely for a foreign employer while living in Japan, your tax status may determine whether overseas income must be included in your Japanese tax return.

Because residency status and the treatment of foreign-source income can vary depending on your length of stay, visa status, and personal circumstances, it is strongly recommended to confirm your tax residency position before filing your Final Income Tax Return.

Who needs to file a Final Tax Return in Japan?

Usually, all sole proprietors and freelancers in Japan must report their income or loss to the Japanese government every year by filing a Final Income Tax Return in Japan. 

Another category is the salary income earners who do not fall under the scope of Year-End Tax Adjustment (年末調整, nenmatsu chousei) provided by their companies. This category includes:

✔️people who leave Japan before the end of the year;

✔️people who work for a non-Japan based employer;

✔️people who have multiple types of income (i.e., multiple part-time jobs, side business income, stocks/cryptocurrency income, capital gains income, etc.) and didn't submit an Application for (Change in) Exemption for Dependents of Employment Income Earner 

✔️people whose yearly income exceeds ¥20 million;

Please be careful: there are cases when you believe you receive salary income and your company is deducting your taxes, but in reality, your employer asks for an invoice every month. In such situations, your income may actually be classified as business income, and you'll need to file a tax return by yourself. 

To give you an idea, we've handled many cases where foreigners have not been filing their tax returns for several years because they assumed they had an employment contract. But in reality, the companies they worked for didn't deduct the Withholding Tax. If we analyze some other facts (not the contract itself), it turns out that they should have been treated as self-employed (on a professional contract) rather than company employees. Unfortunately, this is a widespread misinterpretation of the tax liability in the design or system engineering industry. 

Last but not least, people who overpaid the tax can settle the difference by filing a tax return to get a refund.

How to prepare your Final Income Tax Return in Japan

There are 2 obvious ways to proceed with your declaration procedure: you can either hire a tax accounting office or prepare and file the tax return by yourself.

Suppose you're working with a tax accounting office. In that case, you're going to breeze through the start and end of your business year, including the declaration procedure—simply because all these tax forms, accounting, and tax-related documents won't be your headache. All you need to do is to "gather as you go" and send all your financial records to your tax accountant.

If, for some reason, you decide to fill it out and file it by yourself, you'll need to organize the whole process. It may be quite a challenge for the first-timers.

Types of tax forms in Japan

There are two legacy types of tax forms, A and B. Form A was used by salary income earners, and Form B by business owners, freelancers, and anyone with multiple income types. Note: As of the 2022 tax year, the NTA consolidated these into a single standard form (equivalent to the former Form B). Form A is no longer used for new filings. The structure and tabs described in this article reflect the current unified form.

Form A is mainly used by salary income earners who need to file Final Income Tax Return.

Declaration Form B, on the other hand, can be used by any business owner, including sole proprietors and freelancers, regardless of the income type. However, this tax form is more complicated than form A, so people who use it for the first time may get confused.

You can either get the form you need at the nearest tax office or download it from the National Tax Agency (NTA) website.

Documents to prepare for Form B

The documents you need to attach differ depending on the return type (White or Blue) and filing method. But here’s a solid start to the primary documents self-employed and freelancers need to gather and prepare. Please note this list is not all-inclusive. You may need to prepare other documents as well, depending on your tax situation.

Japan Income Tax Return Form in English: Key tabs of Form B

Now that we can see the approximate landscape of what to gather, let's get a general idea of the tax form itself. We've added our explanation to the Japan Income Tax Return form in English, so you can understand what information you need to fill out.

Just a quick sneak peek before we proceed—sole proprietors and freelancers who selected Blue-Return filing type should also submit Blue-Return Financial Statement when filing the Final Income Tax Return.

Alright, now let’s dive in and discuss some details.

So, there are 2 schedules in form B of the Final Income Tax Return: Schedule 1 and Schedule 2.  

Schedule 1 of the Final Income Tax Return (Form B)

Schedule 1 of Form B is divided into 8 tabs.

TAB 1: It is mainly related to your personal information.

TAB 2: It’s about your gross yearly sales amount.

TAB 3: In this part, you should enter the income amount after deducting necessary expenses (aka business expenses) and Blue-Form deduction if applicable. The calculations are done in a separate document called “Blue-Form Return Financial Statement.”

Quick information on the “Blue-Form Return Financial Statement.”

Blue-Form Return Financial Statement (所得税青色申告決算書) is a document that represents the results of your daily bookkeeping grinds. It consists of Income Statement, 2 Profit&Loss  Statements, and a Balance Sheet—so a total of 4 pages.

If you maintain clean books and your Blue Form Return Financial Statement is well-prepared and organized, then the amount of Blue-Return deduction you can indicate is 650,000 yen for online filers (another reason to file with an accounting office!) and 550,000 yen for paper filers.

If your books are messy and the Blue-Form Return Financial Statement is not appropriately prepared at the time of filing, the maximum amount of Blue-Return deduction you can indicate is 100,000 yen. In that case, you won’t need to prepare a Balance Sheet (page 4).

TAB 4: In this tab, you indicate the calculated amounts of deductions you’re eligible for (e.g., medical expenses, life insurance premiums, spouse deduction, etc.)

Note on the Basic Exemption deduction: As of the 2025 tax year (filed in 2026), the basic deduction has increased. For individuals with total income of ¥23.5 million or less, the standard basic deduction is now ¥580,000 (up from ¥480,000). Additionally, for the 2025 and 2026 tax years only, a special supplementary deduction applies for lower-income earners: those with total income of ¥6.55 million or less may qualify for a combined basic deduction of up to ¥950,000 depending on their income level. Confirm your applicable deduction amount when filing.

TAB 5: In this part, you’ll be able to identify the tax amount you need to pay after carrying out specific calculations.

TAB 6: If you’re subject to any other deductions, you’ll need to indicate them accordingly in this section. They are all calculated in separate documents, depending on the type of deduction.

For example, blue filers with family employees who are exclusively engaged in their business can include salary payments to those family employees as necessary expenses. They can indicate the amount in this tab, but the calculation should be done in the Blue-Return Financial Statement document.

If you’re not sure how to calculate the amounts and where, it’s better seek professional assistance.

TAB 7: This is the tab for the deferred payments.

TAB 8: This tab shows the information for a refund. If you’re subject to a tax refund, you’ll need to indicate where you’d like the refund to be deposited. Depending on how busy the tax office is, it may take up to 2 months to have the amount deposited into your account. If you wish to receive your refund faster, it’s better to do e-filing. In that case, you’ll be able to get a refund in about 2-3 weeks.

Schedule 2 of the Final Income Tax Return (Form B)

Alright, so Schedule 2 of the Final Income Tax Form B is pretty straightforward. It’s the place where you indicate various types of deductions you’re subject to, like medical expenses, life insurance premiums, spouse exemption, etc.

Below is the list of tabs that correspond to a particular type of deduction. You’ll need to calculate them here, referring to the receipt/deduction certificates and other documents you have. After that, you’ll need to indicate the final amounts in the appropriate tab of Schedule 1.

TAB 9: Address and name

TAB 10: Deduction for social insurance premiums

TAB 11: Deduction for premiums of small-scale enterprises

TAB 12: Deduction for life insurance premiums

TAB 13: Special exemption for spouses

TAB 14: Exemption for dependents

TAB 15: Deduction for miscellaneous losses

TAB 16: Deduction for medical expenses

TAB 17: Deduction for donations

TAB 18: Deduction for salaries of full-time family employees. 

Specific categories of individuals may need to be careful with TAB 18 and TAB 19.

Please note if you're eligible, you'll need to indicate information (do calculations as well) regarding this deduction twice. First, you'll show the total gross amount of salaries you pay to your family member employees in the Income Statement of the Blue-Return Financial Statement. Then, after that, you need to indicate the personal information and salary amounts of those family members in Schedule 2 Tab 15 of the Tax Form B. The amount you show in the two documents should coincide.

TAB 19: Resident and business tax.

Resident Tax Section: those who have kids under 16 years old should make sure to enter children’s details to receive child allowance.

Business Tax Section: sole proprietors and freelancers from specific industries whose yearly taxable income is 3.2 M are subject to Business Tax (Enterprise Tax).

How can I file my return?

Luckily, different filing options are available:

• You can bring the documents to the tax office directly... providing that you have the time to do so and the epidemiological situation in the country is favorable enough

• You can mail the documents to the tax office by post. Attention here: courier services are not allowed. The safest way is to send them via either ordinary registered mail or simplified registered mail.

• You can also take advantage of the technology and do an e-filing via the e-Tax system. Seriously, this is the easiest and highly recommended way to file your Final Income Tax Return—available 24/7, which is very convenient for busy people!

• Or else you can leave your documents in the collection mailbox at the tax office (which is a little different from bringing them directly!)

Anyway, it’s great you have the options to choose from depending on your schedule or preferences. 

When is the filing deadline?

Self-employed individuals and freelancers must file between February 16 and March 15 each year. If March 15 falls on a weekend, the deadline extends to the next business day. For the 2025 tax year (filed in 2026), the deadline is March 16, 2026 as March 15 falls on a Sunday.

If you do not file your return by the due date, you will be subject to certain penalties in addition to the individual tax amount depending on the situation. The penalty type (and amount) depends on different factors—for example, the reason behind non-filing (you didn’t file on purpose because you wanted to hide your income or for other reasons, etc.).

Consequences and penalties for not filing a tax return in Japan

If you fail to file your Final Income Tax Return by the statutory deadline, the National Tax Agency may impose additional taxes and interest on top of the original income tax due.

The main consequences are the following.

Late filing penalty (無申告加算税, mu-shinkoku kasan-zei)

This penalty applies when you submit your tax return after the deadline.

In general, the penalty is calculated as a percentage of the unpaid tax and is typically:

• 5% of the unpaid tax if you file voluntarily before being contacted by the tax office, or

• 10% (and higher for larger amounts) if you file after the tax office has started an investigation or issued a notice.

Underreporting penalty (過少申告加算税, kashō-shinkoku kasan-zei)

If you file a return but report less income or tax than you should have, an underreporting penalty may be imposed on the additional tax assessed by the tax office.

This penalty applies when mistakes or omissions result in an incorrect tax amount.

Heavy penalty for intentional non-reporting (重加算税, jū-kasan-zei)

If the tax office determines that income was deliberately concealed or falsified, a significantly heavier penalty can be imposed.

This applies in cases such as intentional omission of income or manipulation of records.

Late payment interest (延滞税, entai-zei)

If you do not pay the tax by the payment deadline, late payment interest is charged for the period from the day after the due date until the tax is paid in full.

The interest rate is set by law and changes depending on the applicable period.

Practical consequences for foreign residents

In addition to financial penalties, repeated non-filing or serious non-compliance may cause practical difficulties for foreign residents, such as:

• problems obtaining official tax certificates (納税証明書, nōzei shōmeisho), and

• complications when applying for certain procedures that require proof of tax compliance.

To avoid penalties and administrative issues, it is strongly recommended to file your tax return on time, even if you are unsure of the final figures and intend to correct them later.

How do I pay my tax?

Recently Japan showed positive signs of the digitalization process (fingers crossed!), so they developed various payment options. 

Payment Methods:

1. You can pay by cash. At a tax office, convenience store, via ATM, etc.

2. You can do a bank transfer. 

3. You can also pay by credit card. There is a particular national website for such payments, but it involves a settlement fee.

4. Some local governments have already implemented Smartphone payment method for local taxes.

The upshot? Running your business is not always roses and unicorns. Yes, you need to do a lot of multitasking. Yes, you have to develop business growth strategies and always catch up with the latest trends to stay ahead of your competitors. Yes, everything is new and unfamiliar in a foreign country. Hence, you feel like running back and forth fighting for every single piece of information that might be crucial for your business decisions—we get it.

But please remember one thing: healthy bookkeeping and tax optimization strategy are vital for your business growth as sales increase. 

Do not breeze over daily bookkeeping or organizing and storing all your financial and business documents. Remember the criteria for the maximum amount of Blue-Return deduction? That’s what it is all about!

You have to be a stickler for paperwork all year round so that when the tax season comes, you don’t need to go above and beyond to maximize your tax return.

A lot of legwork? Indeed. But it will significantly reduce your time, effort, and nail-biting when the tax time comes.

👉 Go to our Japanese business glossary to learn more about the various tax types in Japan.

Frequently asked questions

When is the deadline for filing a tax return in Japan in 2026?

The filing period for the 2025 tax year runs from February 16 to March 16, 2026. The standard deadline is March 15, but since that date falls on a Sunday in 2026, it is extended to the following Monday, March 16. You are filing for income earned between January 1 and December 31, 2025. If you are filing solely to claim a tax refund, you can submit as early as January 1, 2026 — you do not need to wait for the official filing period to open.

Do company employees need to file a tax return?

Most company employees in Japan do not need to file, because their employer handles their tax through the year-end adjustment (年末調整, nenmatsu chōsei). However, you must file your own tax return if you have income from a side business or freelance work exceeding ¥200,000, work for a non-Japan-based employer, changed jobs during the year and your final employer could not complete the year-end adjustment, earn more than ¥20 million per year in salary, or wish to claim deductions such as the mortgage deduction in its first year or large medical expense deductions.

What is the difference between the Blue Return and White Return in Japan?

The Blue Return (青色申告, ao-iro shinkoku) offers significantly larger tax deductions — up to ¥650,000 for online filers who maintain double-entry bookkeeping — and allows you to carry forward business losses for up to three years. The White Return (白色申告, shiro-iro shinkoku) has simpler record-keeping requirements but offers no special deduction. For most freelancers and sole proprietors, the Blue Return is strongly recommended. To file Blue Return, you must submit an application to your local tax office in advance — by March 15 of the year you want to start using it, or within two months of opening your business.

What is the basic deduction for the 2025 tax year in Japan?

As a result of Japan's 2025 tax reform, the basic deduction (基礎控除) has increased from ¥480,000 to ¥580,000 for individuals with total income of ¥23.5 million or less. Additionally, for the 2025 and 2026 tax years only, a special supplementary deduction applies to lower-income earners — those with total income of ¥6.55 million or less may qualify for a combined basic deduction of up to ¥950,000 depending on their income level. This is one of the largest expansions of personal deductions in Japan in decades and directly affects how much tax freelancers and sole proprietors owe when filing in 2026.

Do foreigners in Japan have to pay tax on overseas income?

It depends on your tax residency status. If you are classified as a resident for Japanese tax purposes, you are subject to income tax on your worldwide income — including income earned outside Japan such as rental income from overseas property, foreign dividends, or freelance payments from overseas clients. If you are classified as a non-permanent resident (a foreign national who has lived in Japan for fewer than five of the past ten years), you are taxed on Japan-source income and foreign income paid in or remitted to Japan. Non-residents are taxed only on Japan-source income. Japan has tax treaties with many countries to avoid double taxation — consult a bilingual tax accountant to confirm your status.

What happens if I miss the tax return deadline in Japan?

If you file late, a late filing penalty (無申告加算税, mu-shinkoku kasan-zei) is added to your tax bill. If you file voluntarily before the tax office contacts you, the penalty is 5% of the unpaid tax. If you file after receiving a notice or during an investigation, the rate rises to 10% or higher for larger amounts. Late payment interest (延滞税, entai-zei) is also charged daily until the tax is paid. If the tax office determines income was deliberately concealed, a heavy penalty (重加算税, jū-kasan-zei) of 35–40% applies. Importantly, if you overpaid tax, there is no penalty for filing late — but you have up to five years to claim your refund.

What is the easiest way to file a tax return in Japan as a foreigner?

The most accessible options for foreigners are e-Tax (the NTA's official online filing system, which requires a My Number Card) and filing in person at your local tax office, which sets up assistance counters specifically during the February–March filing period. If you do not speak Japanese, the most reliable approach is to use a bilingual accounting office (zeirishi) who can handle the entire process on your behalf. Many bilingual accountants offer set-fee packages for freelancers and sole proprietors. Fees typically range from ¥30,000 to ¥60,000 depending on complexity.

What are the methods for filing a final income tax return in Japan?

There are four main options: (1) e-Tax — online filing via the NTA's official system, available 24/7 and recommended for the fastest refunds (typically 2–3 weeks); (2) in person at your local tax office (zeimusho, 税務署) during the filing period; (3) by post — send your completed forms by registered mail (courier services are not accepted; the postmark date counts as the submission date); or (4) via the tax office collection mailbox outside business hours. E-Tax is the most convenient option and produces the fastest refunds. Filing via an accounting software such as MoneyForward or freee.jp, which integrates directly with e-Tax, is popular among freelancers.

Can I file a tax return in Japan in English?

Japan's official tax forms and the e-Tax system are primarily in Japanese. However, the National Tax Agency (NTA) provides English-language guidance materials on its website, and some tax offices — particularly in Tokyo and Osaka — offer limited English-speaking support during the filing season. For foreign residents with complex situations such as overseas income, multiple income sources, or first-time Blue Return filing, working with a bilingual tax accountant (税理士, zeirishi) is strongly recommended. The NTA's English-language page is available at nta.go.jp/english.

Looking for a bilingual accounting office for an easier tax season? Check out Otani Accounting Office!